Air elemental - Revision history

Umbire the Phantom: /* Strategy */ follow-up on what was documented

2026-01-15T14:09:25Z

‎Strategy: follow-up on what was documented

Ais523: /* Strategy */ apparently damage reduction from AC isn't applied while engulfed, and this is probably the primary reason why the air elementals are so dangerous

2026-01-14T22:45:49Z

‎Strategy: apparently damage reduction from AC isn't applied while engulfed, and this is probably the primary reason why the air elementals are so dangerous

Umbire the Phantom: /* Strategy */ pothole et. al.

2025-07-10T05:17:11Z

‎Strategy: pothole et. al.

Umbire the Phantom: touch-ups

2025-07-02T17:59:43Z

touch-ups

Umbire the Phantom: /* History */ wordsmith

2025-02-17T23:01:15Z

‎History: wordsmith

Umbire the Phantom: that is in fact extremely wack, thank you - strategy pass on the side

2025-02-09T20:27:10Z

that is in fact extremely wack, thank you - strategy pass on the side

Ion frigate: it wasn't a glitch in the speed system, just that 3 x 2d10 damage per player action is a ridiculously high damage output

2025-02-09T09:39:02Z

it wasn't a glitch in the speed system, just that 3 x 2d10 damage per player action is a ridiculously high damage output

Umbire the Phantom: follow-up, thanks

2025-02-09T04:30:33Z

follow-up, thanks

A1 at 19:18, 8 February 2025

2025-02-08T19:18:30Z

A1: Added 3.7 blurb about air elementals being immune to musical scaring

2025-02-08T19:18:00Z

Added 3.7 blurb about air elementals being immune to musical scaring

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 ==Strategy==
-The air elemental is the fastest monster that can be encountered in the game, and its 36 [[speed]] is the primary factor behind its deadliness: the amount of turns it can get while engulfing you and pummeling you with debris causes damage to pile up, even against fast and well-armored characters. Additionally, the damage is entirely physical and non-elemental, making it harder to defend against, though it can still be blunted by [[half physical damage]]. Damage reduction from [[AC]] is not applied while engulfed, meaning that having a good AC does not help much when defending against air elementals.
+The air elemental is the fastest monster that can be encountered in the game, and its 36 [[speed]] is the primary factor behind its deadliness: the amount of turns it can get while engulfing you and pummeling you with debris causes damage to pile up, even against fast and well-armored characters. Additionally, the damage is entirely physical and non-elemental, making it harder to defend against, though it can still be blunted by [[half physical damage]]. Due to a long-standing bug, damage reduction from a hero's [[AC]] is ''not'' applied while they are engulfed, meaning that having a good AC does not help much when defending against air elementals.
 [[Warning]] is a good property for spotting hostile air elementals that are approaching, since they are [[mindless]] and cannot be detected by [[telepathy]]. [[Wand]]s, [[spell]]s and [[tool]]s that [[scare]] monsters can give you a significant edge against an air elemental, making it easier to weaken or kill them with other forms of magic and [[ranged attack]]s&mdash;be mindful of an air elemental's 30 [[Magic resistance (monster)|MR score]], which gives it a decent chance of resistance.
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 If you have spare [[wands of polymorph]], (e.g. from [[polypileless]] conduct), they are often a good option for dealing specifically with the extra-tough air elementals on the Plane of Air – almost anything you polymorph them into will be less dangerous at that point, and this also serves as a fairly reliable escape from being engulfed. This is less advisable if you encounter an air elemental earlier in the game, due to the risk that it will change into a more dangerous form.
-{{upcoming|NetHack 3.7.0|Per {{commit|6e49372d8f76172f5dde2a9a8ecb551d4be2a1e1}}, mindless monsters are immune to musical scaring.}}
+{{upcoming|NetHack 3.7.0|Per {{commit|6e49372d8f76172f5dde2a9a8ecb551d4be2a1e1}}, mindless monsters such as air elementals are immune to musical scaring.
 ===As a polymorph form===
-Air elementals are sometimes used as a polyself form for traveling purposes, due to their high speed and flight. In terms of combat, their base AC of 2 is unimpressive, they cannot wear armor and the engulfing attack falls short as the sole source of damage when dealing with large monsters, such as the expected [[Giant (monster attribute)|giants]] and [[dragon]]s. The polyform is also [[blind]] and lacks [[hand]]s to adjust worn [[ring]]s or open containers, among other actions: zapping a [[wand of probing]] or wearing [[the Eyes of the Overworld]] can reveal the identity of items you pick up while moving.
+Air elementals are sometimes used as a polyself form for traveling purposes, due to their high speed and flight. In terms of combat, their base AC of 2 is unimpressive, they cannot wear armor and the engulfing attack falls short as their sole source of damage when dealing with large monsters, such as the expected [[Giant (monster attribute)|giants]] and [[dragon]]s. Air elementals are also [[blind]] and lack [[hand]]s to adjust worn [[ring]]s or open containers, among some other actions: zapping a [[wand of probing]] or wearing [[the Eyes of the Overworld]] can reveal the identity of items you pick up while moving.
 ==History==

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 ==Strategy==
-The air elemental is the fastest monster that can be encountered in the game, and its 36 [[speed]] is the primary factor behind its deadliness: the amount of turns it can get while engulfing you and pummeling you with debris causes damage to pile up, even against fast and well-armored characters. Additionally, the damage is entirely physical and non-elemental, making it harder to defend against, though it can still be blunted by [[half physical damage]] and good [[AC]].
+The air elemental is the fastest monster that can be encountered in the game, and its 36 [[speed]] is the primary factor behind its deadliness: the amount of turns it can get while engulfing you and pummeling you with debris causes damage to pile up, even against fast and well-armored characters. Additionally, the damage is entirely physical and non-elemental, making it harder to defend against, though it can still be blunted by [[half physical damage]]. Damage reduction from [[AC]] is not applied while engulfed, meaning that having a good AC does not help much when defending against air elementals.
 [[Warning]] is a good property for spotting hostile air elementals that are approaching, since they are [[mindless]] and cannot be detected by [[telepathy]]. [[Wand]]s, [[spell]]s and [[tool]]s that [[scare]] monsters can give you a significant edge against an air elemental, making it easier to weaken or kill them with other forms of magic and [[ranged attack]]s&mdash;be mindful of an air elemental's 30 [[Magic resistance (monster)|MR score]], which gives it a decent chance of resistance.

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 The air elemental is the fastest monster that can be encountered in the game, and its 36 [[speed]] is the primary factor behind its deadliness: the amount of turns it can get while engulfing you and pummeling you with debris causes damage to pile up, even against fast and well-armored characters. Additionally, the damage is entirely physical and non-elemental, making it harder to defend against, though it can still be blunted by [[half physical damage]] and good [[AC]].
-[[Warning]] is a good property for spotting hostile air elementals that are approaching, since they are [[mindless]] and cannot be detected by [[telepathy]]. [[Wand]]s, [[spell]]s and [[tool]]s that [[scare]] monsters can give you a significant edge against an air elemental, making it easier to weaken or kill them with other forms of magic and [[ranged attack]]s - be mindful of an air elemental's 30 [[Magic resistance (monster)|MR score]], which gives it a decent chance of resistance.
+[[Warning]] is a good property for spotting hostile air elementals that are approaching, since they are [[mindless]] and cannot be detected by [[telepathy]]. [[Wand]]s, [[spell]]s and [[tool]]s that [[scare]] monsters can give you a significant edge against an air elemental, making it easier to weaken or kill them with other forms of magic and [[ranged attack]]s&mdash;be mindful of an air elemental's 30 [[Magic resistance (monster)|MR score]], which gives it a decent chance of resistance.
-A polyform that is [[huge]] or larger can reliably prevent engulfing in the first place. You can use a [[wand of teleportation]] to send an approaching air elemental elsewhere, and can also use [[teleportation]] to escape one, either by [[zapping]] it with a wand of teleportation on a [[non-teleport level]] or else teleporting yourself on any other level. A [[Wand of sleep|wand]] or [[spell of sleep]] can also immobilize it and give you valuable turns to either escape the monster or bring it down. A source of [[conflict]] can keep the air elemental occupied fighting other monsters, allowing you to escape or defeat it as necessary.
+A polymorph form that is [[huge]] in size or larger can reliably prevent air elementals and other monsters from engulfing you in the first place. You can use a [[wand of teleportation]] to send an approaching air elemental elsewhere, and can also use [[teleportation]] to escape one, either by [[zapping]] it with a wand of teleportation on a [[non-teleport level]] or else teleporting yourself on any other level. A [[wand of sleep]] or {{+ of|sleep}} spell can also immobilize it and give you valuable turns to either escape the monster or bring it down. A source of [[conflict]] can keep the air elemental occupied fighting other monsters, allowing you to escape or defeat it as necessary.
 If you are engulfed by an air elemental, you can escape using tools such as a [[bugle]] to scare it into releasing you. Although the {{spell of|knock|and=1|slow monster}} spells (or their equivalents in the {{wand of|opening|and=1|slow monster}} wands) can also force the air elemental to expel you, its speed may allow it to immediately engulf you again, even accounting for the typical grace period{{refsrc|src/mhitu.c|319|nethack=3.6.7}}&mdash;it generally makes more sense to slow the air elemental at range before it engulfs you in order to get more time to act. If all else fails in any event, you can try [[taming]] the air elemental, and a [[death ray]] that hits one will kill it instantly.

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 A polyform that is [[huge]] or larger can reliably prevent engulfing in the first place. You can use a [[wand of teleportation]] to send an approaching air elemental elsewhere, and can also use [[teleportation]] to escape one, either by [[zapping]] it with a wand of teleportation on a [[non-teleport level]] or else teleporting yourself on any other level. A [[Wand of sleep|wand]] or [[spell of sleep]] can also immobilize it and give you valuable turns to either escape the monster or bring it down. A source of [[conflict]] can keep the air elemental occupied fighting other monsters, allowing you to escape or defeat it as necessary.
-If you are engulfed by an air elemental, you can escape using tools such as a [[bugle]] to scare it into releasing you. Although the {{spell of|knock|and=1|slow monster}} spells (or their equivalents in the {{wand of|opening|and=1|slow monster}} wands) can also force the air elemental to expel you, its speed may allow it to immediately engulf you again, even accounting for the typical grace period{{refsrc|src/mhitu.c|319|nethack=3.6.7}}&mdash;it generally makes more sense to slow the air elemental at range before it engulfs you in order to get more time to act. If all else fails in any event, you can try [[taming]] the air elemental, and a [[Wand of death|wand]] or [[finger of death]] that hits one will kill it instantly.
+If you are engulfed by an air elemental, you can escape using tools such as a [[bugle]] to scare it into releasing you. Although the {{spell of|knock|and=1|slow monster}} spells (or their equivalents in the {{wand of|opening|and=1|slow monster}} wands) can also force the air elemental to expel you, its speed may allow it to immediately engulf you again, even accounting for the typical grace period{{refsrc|src/mhitu.c|319|nethack=3.6.7}}&mdash;it generally makes more sense to slow the air elemental at range before it engulfs you in order to get more time to act. If all else fails in any event, you can try [[taming]] the air elemental, and a [[death ray]] that hits one will kill it instantly.
 If you have spare [[wands of polymorph]], (e.g. from [[polypileless]] conduct), they are often a good option for dealing specifically with the extra-tough air elementals on the Plane of Air – almost anything you polymorph them into will be less dangerous at that point, and this also serves as a fairly reliable escape from being engulfed. This is less advisable if you encounter an air elemental earlier in the game, due to the risk that it will change into a more dangerous form.
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 In addition to SLASH'EM details, [[SlashTHEM]] adds the [[greater air elemental]], though air elementals cannot [[grow up]] into greater ones.
-The Gnome King's Apiary variant of [[Mines' End]] has a hidden 2x2 square area in the west end where four hostile air elementals and a [[wand of death]] are generated at level creation.
+The Gnome King's Apiary variant of [[Mines' End]] has a hidden 2x2 square area in the west end, where four hostile air elementals and a [[wand of death]] are generated at level creation.
 The [[Electric Mage]] [[quest artifact]] [[The Harp of Lightning]] can be [[invoked]] to summon tame air elementals, and has a {{frac|3|4}} chance of generating a standard one and a {{frac|4}} chance of generating a greater one.

@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 ==History==
-The air elemental first appears in [[NetHack 3.0.0]]. From this version to [[NetHack 3.3.1]], including some variants based on those versions, the air elemental's pummel attack dealt twice as much damage.  The speed system was revamped in [[3.3.0]] to allow very fast monsters to attack multiple times per one player turn, which made air elementals extremely dangerous.<ref>[http://www.steelypips.org/nethack/ae_faq.html The Air Elemental FAQ - steelypips.org]</ref> They were nerfed somewhat in [[NetHack 3.4.0]] via {{commit|06b7862906c6df5e5cb13747a85b616ce10be146}}, which halved their base damage.
+The air elemental first appears in [[NetHack 3.0.0]]. From this version to [[NetHack 3.3.1]], including some variants based on those versions, the air elemental's pummel attack deals 2d10 damage. The speed system was also revamped in [[NetHack 3.3.0]] to allow very fast monsters to attack multiple times per player's turn, which made air elementals extremely dangerous.<ref>[http://www.steelypips.org/nethack/ae_faq.html The Air Elemental FAQ - steelypips.org]</ref> This is nerfed somewhat in [[NetHack 3.4.0]] via {{commit|06b7862906c6df5e5cb13747a85b616ce10be146}}, which halves their base damage to the currently-used dice.
 ==Messages==

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 ==Generation==
-Randomly generated air elementals may be [[peaceful]] towards [[neutral]] characters. Air elementals generated on the [[Plane of Air]] will have up to three times as many hit points.{{refsrc|src/makemon.c|39|version=NetHack 3.6.7|comment=elementals and home planes}}{{refsrc|src/makemon.c|1012|version=NetHack 3.6.7|comment=max HP for elementals on home planes}}{{refsrc|src/makemon.c|1825|version=NetHack 3.6.7|comment=max HP gain for elementals on home planes}}
+Randomly generated air elementals may be [[peaceful]] towards [[neutral]] characters. Air elementals generated on the [[Plane of Air]] will have up to three times as many hit points.{{refsrc|src/makemon.c|39|version=NetHack 3.6.7|comment=elementals and home planes}}{{refsrc|src/makemon.c|1012|version=NetHack 3.6.7|comment=max HP for elementals on home planes}}{{refsrc|src/makemon.c|1825|version=NetHack 3.6.7|comment=max HP gain for elementals on home planes}} They are not a valid target for [[genocide]].
-In addition to random generation, a hostile air elemental may be generated as a [[minion]] of an angry neutral [[god]].
+A hostile air elemental may be generated as the [[minion]] of an [[angry]] neutral [[god]].
 Air elementals appear among the random {{white|E}} that are part of the first quest class for [[Monk]]s and make up {{frac|24|175}} of the monsters randomly generated on the [[Monk quest]]. They also appear among the the random {{white|E}} that are part of the second quest class for [[Samurai]] and make up {{frac|6|175}} of the monsters randomly generated on the [[Samurai quest]].
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 Eleven hostile air elementals are generated on the Plane of Air at level creation.{{refsrc|dat/endgame.des|172|version=NetHack 3.6.7}}
-Air elementals are not a valid target for [[genocide]]. An air elemental [[Corpseless|does not leave a corpse]] upon death.
+An air elemental [[Corpseless|does not leave a corpse]] upon death.
 ==Strategy==
-The air elemental is the fastest monster that can be encountered in the game, and its 36 [[speed]] is the primary factor behind its deadliness: the amount of turns it can get while engulfing you and pummeling you with debris causes damage to pile up, even against fast and well-armored characters. Additionally, the damage is non-elemental, making it harder to defend against; [[half physical damage]] and high [[AC]] can blunt the damage dealt.
+The air elemental is the fastest monster that can be encountered in the game, and its 36 [[speed]] is the primary factor behind its deadliness: the amount of turns it can get while engulfing you and pummeling you with debris causes damage to pile up, even against fast and well-armored characters. Additionally, the damage is entirely physical and non-elemental, making it harder to defend against, though it can still be blunted by [[half physical damage]] and good [[AC]].
-[[Warning]] is a good property for trying to spot approaching hostile air elementals, since they are [[mindless]] and cannot be detected by [[telepathy]]. Wands, spells and [[tool]]s that scare monsters can give you a significant edge against an air elemental, making it easier to weaken or kill them with other forms of magic and [[ranged attack]]s - be mindful of an air elemental's 30 [[Magic resistance (monster)|MR score]], which gives it a significant chance of resistance.
+[[Warning]] is a good property for spotting hostile air elementals that are approaching, since they are [[mindless]] and cannot be detected by [[telepathy]]. [[Wand]]s, [[spell]]s and [[tool]]s that [[scare]] monsters can give you a significant edge against an air elemental, making it easier to weaken or kill them with other forms of magic and [[ranged attack]]s - be mindful of an air elemental's 30 [[Magic resistance (monster)|MR score]], which gives it a decent chance of resistance.
-To avoid being engulfed in the first place, a polyform that is [[huge]] or larger can reliably prevent an air elemental from engulfing you. You can use a [[wand of teleportation]] to send an approaching air elemental elsewhere, and a [[Wand of sleep|wand]] or [[spell of sleep]] can also immobilize it and give you valuable turns to either escape the monster or bring it down. A source of [[conflict]] can keep the air elemental occupied fighting other monsters, allowing you to escape or defeat it as necessary.
+A polyform that is [[huge]] or larger can reliably prevent engulfing in the first place. You can use a [[wand of teleportation]] to send an approaching air elemental elsewhere, and can also use [[teleportation]] to escape one, either by [[zapping]] it with a wand of teleportation on a [[non-teleport level]] or else teleporting yourself on any other level. A [[Wand of sleep|wand]] or [[spell of sleep]] can also immobilize it and give you valuable turns to either escape the monster or bring it down. A source of [[conflict]] can keep the air elemental occupied fighting other monsters, allowing you to escape or defeat it as necessary.
-If you are engulfed by an air elemental, you can escape using tools such as a [[bugle]] to scare it into releasing you. Although the {{spell of|knock|and=1|slow monster}} spells (or their equivalents in the {{wand of|opening|and=1|slow monster}} wands) can also force the air elemental to expel you, its speed may allow it to immediately engulf you again&mdash;it generally makes more sense to slow the air elemental at range before it engulfs you, giving you more time to deal with it. [[Teleportation]] is a fairly reliable means of escaping an air elemental, either by zapping it with a wand of teleportation on a [[non-teleport level]], or else teleporting yourself on any other level. If all else fails in any event, you can try [[taming]] the air elemental, and a [[Wand of death|wand]] or [[finger of death]] will kill it instantly if it hits.
+If you are engulfed by an air elemental, you can escape using tools such as a [[bugle]] to scare it into releasing you. Although the {{spell of|knock|and=1|slow monster}} spells (or their equivalents in the {{wand of|opening|and=1|slow monster}} wands) can also force the air elemental to expel you, its speed may allow it to immediately engulf you again, even accounting for the typical grace period{{refsrc|src/mhitu.c|319|nethack=3.6.7}}&mdash;it generally makes more sense to slow the air elemental at range before it engulfs you in order to get more time to act. If all else fails in any event, you can try [[taming]] the air elemental, and a [[Wand of death|wand]] or [[finger of death]] that hits one will kill it instantly.
 If you have spare [[wands of polymorph]], (e.g. from [[polypileless]] conduct), they are often a good option for dealing specifically with the extra-tough air elementals on the Plane of Air – almost anything you polymorph them into will be less dangerous at that point, and this also serves as a fairly reliable escape from being engulfed. This is less advisable if you encounter an air elemental earlier in the game, due to the risk that it will change into a more dangerous form.
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 ===As a polymorph form===
-Air elementals are sometimes used as a polyself form for traveling purposes, due to their high speed and flight. In terms of combat, their base AC of 2 is unimpressive, they cannot wear armor and the engulfing attack falls short as the sole source of damage when dealing with large monsters, such as the expected [[Giant (monster attribute)|giants]] and [[dragon]]s. The polyform is also [[blind]] and lacks [[hand]]s to adjust worn [[ring]]s or open containers, among other actions - a [[wand of probing]] can reveal the identity of items you pick up while moving, as well as wearing [[the Eyes of the Overworld]].
+Air elementals are sometimes used as a polyself form for traveling purposes, due to their high speed and flight. In terms of combat, their base AC of 2 is unimpressive, they cannot wear armor and the engulfing attack falls short as the sole source of damage when dealing with large monsters, such as the expected [[Giant (monster attribute)|giants]] and [[dragon]]s. The polyform is also [[blind]] and lacks [[hand]]s to adjust worn [[ring]]s or open containers, among other actions: zapping a [[wand of probing]] or wearing [[the Eyes of the Overworld]] can reveal the identity of items you pick up while moving.
 ==History==

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 If you are engulfed by an air elemental, you can escape using tools such as a [[bugle]] to scare it into releasing you. Although the {{spell of|knock|and=1|slow monster}} spells (or their equivalents in the {{wand of|opening|and=1|slow monster}} wands) can also force the air elemental to expel you, its speed may allow it to immediately engulf you again&mdash;it generally makes more sense to slow the air elemental at range before it engulfs you, giving you more time to deal with it. [[Teleportation]] is a fairly reliable means of escaping an air elemental, either by zapping it with a wand of teleportation on a [[non-teleport level]], or else teleporting yourself on any other level. If all else fails in any event, you can try [[taming]] the air elemental, and a [[Wand of death|wand]] or [[finger of death]] will kill it instantly if it hits.
-{{upcoming|NetHack 3.7.0|[Air elementals are now immune to musical scaring.}}
+{{upcoming|NetHack 3.7.0|Air elementals are now immune to musical scaring.}}
 If you have spare [[wands of polymorph]], (e.g. from [[polypileless]] conduct), they are often a good option for dealing specifically with the extra-tough air elementals on the Plane of Air – almost anything you polymorph them into will be less dangerous at that point, and this also serves as a fairly reliable escape from being engulfed. This is less advisable if you encounter an air elemental earlier in the game, due to the risk that it will change into a more dangerous form.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:18, 8 February 2025
Line 43:		Line 43:

	If you are engulfed by an air elemental, you can escape using tools such as a [[bugle]] to scare it into releasing you. Although the {{spell of\|knock\|and=1\|slow monster}} spells (or their equivalents in the {{wand of\|opening\|and=1\|slow monster}} wands) can also force the air elemental to expel you, its speed may allow it to immediately engulf you again—it generally makes more sense to slow the air elemental at range before it engulfs you, giving you more time to deal with it. [[Teleportation]] is a fairly reliable means of escaping an air elemental, either by zapping it with a wand of teleportation on a [[non-teleport level]], or else teleporting yourself on any other level. If all else fails in any event, you can try [[taming]] the air elemental, and a [[Wand of death\|wand]] or [[finger of death]] will kill it instantly if it hits.		If you are engulfed by an air elemental, you can escape using tools such as a [[bugle]] to scare it into releasing you. Although the {{spell of\|knock\|and=1\|slow monster}} spells (or their equivalents in the {{wand of\|opening\|and=1\|slow monster}} wands) can also force the air elemental to expel you, its speed may allow it to immediately engulf you again—it generally makes more sense to slow the air elemental at range before it engulfs you, giving you more time to deal with it. [[Teleportation]] is a fairly reliable means of escaping an air elemental, either by zapping it with a wand of teleportation on a [[non-teleport level]], or else teleporting yourself on any other level. If all else fails in any event, you can try [[taming]] the air elemental, and a [[Wand of death\|wand]] or [[finger of death]] will kill it instantly if it hits.
		+
		+	{{upcoming\|NetHack 3.7.0\|[Air elementals are now immune to musical scaring.}}

	If you have spare [[wands of polymorph]], (e.g. from [[polypileless]] conduct), they are often a good option for dealing specifically with the extra-tough air elementals on the Plane of Air – almost anything you polymorph them into will be less dangerous at that point, and this also serves as a fairly reliable escape from being engulfed. This is less advisable if you encounter an air elemental earlier in the game, due to the risk that it will change into a more dangerous form.		If you have spare [[wands of polymorph]], (e.g. from [[polypileless]] conduct), they are often a good option for dealing specifically with the extra-tough air elementals on the Plane of Air – almost anything you polymorph them into will be less dangerous at that point, and this also serves as a fairly reliable escape from being engulfed. This is less advisable if you encounter an air elemental earlier in the game, due to the risk that it will change into a more dangerous form.