Encumbrance

There are six levels of encumbrance in NetHack: unencumbered, burdened, stressed, strained, overtaxed and overloaded. The exact inventory weight which determines which of these levels you experience is based on strength and constitution.

If your total inventory weight is more than your carrying capacity, you become burdened or worse, and slow down. You can carry up to three times your capacity before becoming overloaded, at which point most actions except dropping items or praying become impossible.

Carrying capacity

Your current carrying capacity is given by the formula (25 * (Str + Con)) + 50, which is then capped at a maximum of 1000. The maximum useful Str+Con is thus 38. Next, if you are polymorphed, this capacity is rescaled: normally by your current monster form's corpse weight / 1450, never scaled down if it is strong, or by size / 2 if it never leaves a corpse. Note strong monsters automatically get strength 18/**. Finally, your carrying capacity is reduced by 100 for each wounded leg unless you are flying.

For the purposes of this calculation, a strength of 18/01–18/31 maps to 19, 18/32–18/81 maps to 20, and 18/82–21 maps to 21. Gauntlets of power still count as strength 25, but because of the cap, this extra strength may not be of use. (It will always be of use for elves, whose strength + constitution is otherwise capped at 18 + 16 = 34.)

If you are currently levitating, on the Plane of Air, riding a strong steed, or polymorphed into a nymph, your carrying capacity is always 1000, minus the penalty for wounded legs.

Encumbrance categories

Category	Weight	Speed	To-hit	Exercise	Message on increasing level	Message on decreasing level	Warning message
Unencumbered	≤ capacity	normal	none		N/A	Your movements are now unencumbered.	N/A
Burdened	capacity+1 to 1.5*capacity-1	3/4 normal	-1		Your movements are slowed slightly because of your load.	Your movements are only slowed slightly because of your load.	You have a little trouble lifting <item>.
Stressed	1.5*capacity to 2*capacity-1	1/2 normal	-3	Exercise Strength	You rebalance your load. Movement is difficult.	You rebalance your load. Movement is still difficult.	You have a little trouble lifting <item>.
Strained	2*capacity to 2.5*capacity-1	1/4 normal	-5	Exercise strength, abuse dexterity	You stagger under your load. Movement is very hard.	You stagger under your load. Movement is still very hard.	You have much trouble lifting <item>.
Overtaxed	2.5*capacity to 3*capacity-1	1/8 normal	-7*	Abuse dexterity and constitution	You can barely move a handspan with this load!	(no message)	You have extreme difficulty lifting <item>.
Overloaded	≥ 3*capacity	normal*	-9*		You collapse under your load.	N/A	There is <item> here, but you cannot lift any more.

* but see below.

Encumbrance will reduce your speed to the fraction shown above, after applying any adjustment for speed.

Your encumbrance category will interfere with your chances to-hit in melee.

Some categories of encumbrance may exercise or abuse certain stats every 10 turns.

Burdened

If you are burdened or greater, you:

• fall down stairs/ladders when going down.
• cannot jump except by casting the spell.
• could drown in water when punished if you cannot shed surplus weight.

Stressed

If you are stressed or greater, you also:

• cannot climb stairs/ladders.
• cannot move if you have less than 10 HP and are not at your maximum HP.
• cannot kick.
• cannot mount your steed.
• cannot drag a heavy iron ball.
• do not regenerate HP when moving unless you have regeneration.
• do not regenerate Pw unless you have energy regeneration.
• consume an additional point of nutrition every odd turn.

Strained

If you are strained or greater, you also:

• lose 1 HP every 30 turns if you are moving.
• lose 1 HP every 3 turns if you are attacking.
• cannot disarm traps.
• have a cursed loadstone considered your worst cursed item for the minor trouble cursed items (otherwise other things are worse).

Overtaxed

If you are overtaxed or greater, you also:

• lose 1 HP every 10 turns if you are moving.
• cannot attack a monster in melee.
• cannot throw or fire a weapon.
• cannot cast spells.
• cannot zap a wand.
• cannot use the read command.
• cannot engrave.
• cannot apply a tool.
• cannot eat.
• cannot use the #loot command.
• cannot teleport at will with teleportitis.
• cannot attempt to help a monster out of a pit.
• have the major trouble collapsing if you have also lost 4 or more points of Strength.

Overloaded

If you are Overloaded, you also:

• cannot move.

Item weights

See also Weight.

Some of the most common weight culprits are:

Item	Weight
loadstone	500
body armor	30 to 450
weapon	1 to 180
The Orb of Fate	150
shield	30 to 100
pick-axe	100
spellbook	50
helm	3 to 50
potion	20
food ration	20
lamp	20
1,000 gold pieces	10

Strategy

Think hard what you really need to carry. Pack rats die faster.

Your encumbrance level can be reduced by:

• Using a non-cursed bag of holding
• Gaining strength or constitution, including polymorphing into a stronger creature
• Levitating
• Riding a steed (Note that you cannot mount a steed if stressed or worse, but if you have at least basic riding skill, you can pick up items while riding.)
• Dropping items
• Stashing items

Any encumbrance past unencumbered will slow your character down. It is therefore generally a Bad Idea to wander around carrying too much, and almost always a bad idea to enter combat overencumbered. If you are near your encumbrance limit and about to enter combat with a monster that can lower your strength (e.g. with poison), consider dropping a few extra items temporarily to avoid becoming overencumbered during the fight.

Commentary

When being suddenly polymorphed into a small creature (e.g. via lycanthropy), it is common to become instantly overloaded, and unable to move.

Being encumbered is generally considered a bad idea, because it slows you down and speed is crucial to survival in NetHack; having a speed less than 12 is usually more dangerous than it seems, since the monsters can get in two hits in one player turn at times, increasing the chance of surprise deaths. Furthermore, climbing stairs becomes more difficult when burdened (and impossible when stressed or worse) as well as causing players to "fall down the stairs" when they attempt to descend (a fatal move when combined with a wielded cockatrice corpse).

If you have a good reason to move around encumbered, prepare to drop items if get attacked, you can pick it up after the fight. If you are dragging around corpses for sacrifice drop them, they will become too old anyway if fight while carrying them. If you are relocating your stash (for example lots of spellbooks) put it into a sack or bag of holding, so you can drop the container if you are attacked. If you need something from the container during the fight, just #loot it, this takes the same time as applying a held one. If you have a loadstone press 'D' and drop anything currently not mandatory at once. Selecting the items takes some real-time, but doesn't need as much game-time as dropping them one by one. Don't accidentally drop Crysknifes or scrolls of scare monster.

Although being stressed trains strength, there are far safer ways, such as pushing boulders around.

Being stressed also slows down your rate of magical energy regeneration.

External links

• Spoil804